«Alçar con la t[ie]rra»: la rébellion de Santo Domingo à Española en 1521
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Publiée : 2024-06-16
Rubrique : Articles scientifiques
Résumé
Cet article examine la première rébelli2on à grande échelle, incontestablement documentée, menée par des Noirs et qui s’est manifestée sur l’île d’Hispaniola: la révolte des esclaves de Saint-Domingue de 1521, communément appelée la “rébellion de Noël.” Non seulement est elle l’une des premières menées par des Noirs dans les Amériques, elle se distingue par ses conséquences notamment du fait qu’elle mène à l’établissement des lois antiNoirs sur l’esclavage de 1522 ainsi que les ordonnances subséquentes rédigées par Diego Colomb. D’une part les lois sur l’esclavage de Colomb sont les premiers plans de contrôle anti-noirs, mais c’est dans son décret de 1522 que se trouve également le récit de la rébellion elle-même. Jusqu’ici, la plupart des chercheurs se sont basés sur le récit de Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, datant de 1535. Cet article lis plutôt plusieurs récits côte à côte afin de mieux comprendre les continuités et les bouleversements de la rébellion de Noël 1521. Ensemble, ces récits nous permettent de mieux comprendre comment fonctionnent la domination, la punition, l’esclavage et la bureaucratie coloniale dans le monde atlantique du début de l’ère moderne, et nous démontre comment le cadre du récit d’un colonisateur triomphant s’étend à travers le temps comme une structure durable. En outre, la rébellion de Noël et les lois de 1522 sur l’esclavage sont importantes pour les chercheurs qui veulent mieux comprendre la racialisation à cette époque et les stratégies de rébellion employées par les acteurs noirs et africains.
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